By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
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Describe the transepithelial potential and the endogenous wound electric field, and explain why these bioelectric signals are compromised in chronic pressure ulcers
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Distinguish between the three main ES approaches to pressure ulcer treatment, HVPC, the Ljubljana FES protocol, and low-intensity direct current, in terms of their parameters, electrode placement, mechanisms of action, and strength of evidence
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Evaluate the clinical evidence supporting each approach, including the strength of current guideline recommendations
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Explain why SCI patients with chronic pressure ulcers are particularly likely to benefit from exogenous ES, and how this connects to the tissue health principles established in earlier chapters