By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
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Explain why the facial muscles present unique challenges for electrical stimulation compared to limb muscles, and how the underlying denervation principles remain the same
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Evaluate the evidence for and against ES in facial palsy, including the synkinesis controversy and the findings of the 2025 meta-analysis
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Describe the key differences in stimulation parameters between facial palsy ES and the RISE protocol for limb muscles
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Identify the assessment tools specific to facial palsy and explain how the strength-duration curve principle applies to facial muscle evaluation