By the end of this chapter, the reader should be able to:
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Describe the key milestones in the development of electrical stimulation for muscle, from Galvani to the Vienna RISE programme
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Explain how the historical association with quackery has contributed to the persistent underuse of ES for denervated muscle
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Trace the intellectual lineage from Gutmann's foundational work to Kern and Carraro's clinical programme
The Glasgow University Anatomy Theatre was especially crowded. After all, it was not every day that anatomists worked on a fresh corpse in full public view. Before Matthew Clydesdale's body was brought from the gallows, Dr Andrew Ure charged his galvanic battery.